In addition, another bacterium designated as Diplorickettsia, found in ticks, is also closely related and may actually belong in this genus ( Mediannikov et al., 2010 Iasur-Kruh et al., 2013). pyronotae ( Kleespies et al., 2011), and R. agriotidis ( Leclerque et al., 2011a), R. tipulae ( Leclerque & Kleespies, 2008a), R. There are also several additional pathotypes thought to be synonyms of the previously recognized species, including R. stethorae ( Hall & Badgley, 1957), plus the recently described ‘ Candidatus Rickettsiella isopodorum’ ( Kleespies, Federici & Leclerque, 2014) and ‘ Candidatus Rickettsiella viridis’ ( Tsuchida et al., 2014). There are several described species in the genus Rickettsiella: R. However, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, this genus has been recently reclassified to the order Legionellales in the Gammaproteobacteria, which also includes human pathogens such as Coxiella and Legionella ( Roux et al., 1997 Cordaux et al., 2007 Leclerque, 2008 Leclerque & Kleespies, 2008b Leclerque & Kleespies, 2008c). Originally, this genus of bacteria was classified as a member of the order Rickettsiales in the Alphaproteobacteria based on ultrastructural analyses ( Hall & Badgley, 1957 Vago & Martoja, 1963 Vago et al., 1970). Rickettsiella is a genus of bacteria that infects a range of arthropod hosts, including insects, crustaceans, and arachnids ( Dutky & Gooden, 1952 Hall & Badgley, 1957 Vago & Martoja, 1963 Vago et al., 1970 Leclerque & Kleespies, 2008a Leclerque & Kleespies, 2012 Tsuchida et al., 2010 Kleespies et al., 2011 Leclerque et al., 2011a). isopodorum, and this system may provide a good model for studying the evolution of host-microbe interactions in nature. These results lay the groundwork for future studies on the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis in R. isopodorum contained a gene that encodes a cytotoxin partially homologous to those found in Photorhabdus luminescensand Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobacteriaceae), suggesting that horizontal gene transfer may have played a role in the evolution of pathogenicity in Rickettsiella. Furthermore, one of these genomic island candidates in R. isopodorum, none of which appear in the previously available R. We found evidence for several candidate genomic island regions in R. In this study, we assembled a draft genomic sequence for R. isopodorum, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with R. isopodorum, are known to infect terrestrial isopod crustaceans. The bacterial genus Rickettsiellabelongs to the order Legionellales in the Gammaproteobacteria, and consists of several described species and pathotypes, most of which are considered to be intracellular pathogens infecting arthropods. Candidate pathogenicity islands in the genome of ‘ Candidatus Rickettsiella isopodorum’, an intracellular bacterium infecting terrestrial isopod crustaceans. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States DOI 10.7717/peerj.2806 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Ewa Chrostek Subject Areas Evolutionary Studies, Genomics, Microbiology Keywords Rickettsiella, Genomic islands, Trachelipus rathkei, mcf2 Copyright © 2016 Wang and Chandler Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.
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